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Using virtualization, we have all enjoyed the flexibility to quickly create virtual machines with various virtual CPU (vCPU) configurations for a diverse set of workloads. But as we virtualize larger and more demanding workloads, like databases, on top of the latest generations of processors with up to 24 cores, special care must be taken in vCPU and vNUMA configuration to ensure performance is optimized.
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We compared the I/O performance of vSphere 6.0 U2 over 16Gb and 32Gb Emulex FC HBAs connected via a Brocade G620 FC switch to an EMC VNX7500 storage array.
Iometer, a common microbenchmark, was used to generate the workload for various block sizes. For single-VM experiments, we measured sequential read and sequential write throughput. For multi-VM experiments, we measured random read IOPS and throughput.
Our experiments showed that vSphere 6 can achieve near line rate with 32Gb FC.
For details, please see the whitepaper Storage I/O Performance on VMware vSphere 6.0 U2 over 32 Gigabit Fibre Channel.
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by Joanna Guan and Davide Bergamasco
The first two posts in this series assessed the performance of some Content Library operations like virtual machine deployment and library synchronization, import and export. In this post we discuss how to fine-tune Content Library settings in order to achieve optimal performance under a variety of operational conditions. Notice that in this post we only discuss the settings that have the most noticeable impact on the overall solution performance. There are several other settings which may potentially affect Content Library performance. We refer the interested readers to the official documentation for the details (the Content Library Service settings can be found here , while the Transfer Service settings can be found here.)
Content Library has a global bandwidth throttling control to limit the overall bandwidth consumed by file transfers. This setting, called Maximum Bandwidth Consumption, affects all the streaming mode operations including library synchronization, VM deployment, VM capture, and item import/export. However, it does not affect direct copy operations, i.e., operations where data is directly copied across ESXi hosts.
The purpose of the Maximum Bandwidth Consumption setting is to ensure that while Content Library file transfers are in progress enough network bandwidth remains available to vCenter Server for its own operations.
The following table illustrates the properties of this setting:
| Setting Name | Maximum Bandwidth Consumption |
| vSphere Web Client Path | AdministrationàSystem ConfigurationàServicesà Transfer ServiceàMaximum Bandwidth Consumption |
| Default Value | Unlimited |
| Unit | Mbit/s |
Content Library has a setting named Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers that limits the number of concurrent data transfers. This limit applies to all the data transfer operations including import, export, VM deployment, VM capture, and synchronization. When this limit is exceeded, all new operations are queued until the completion of one or more of the operations in progress.
For example, let’s assume the current value of Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers is 20 and there are 8 VM deployments, 2 VM captures, and 10 item synchronization in progress. A new VM deployment request will be queued because the maximum number of concurrent operations has been reached. As soon as any of those operations completes, the new VM deployment is allowed to proceed.
This setting can be used to improve Content Library overall throughput (not the performance of each individual operation) by increasing the data transfer concurrency when the network is underutilized.
The following table illustrates the properties of this setting:
| Setting Name | Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers |
| vSphere Web Client Path | AdministrationàSystem ConfigurationàServicesàTransfer Serviceà Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers |
| Default Value | 20 |
| Unit | Number |
A second concurrency control setting, whose properties are shown in the table below, applies to synchronization operations only. This setting, named Library Maximum Concurrent SyncItems,controls the maximum number of items that a subscribed library is allowed to concurrently synchronize.
| Setting Name | Library Maximum Concurrent SyncItems |
| vSphere Web Client Path | AdministrationàSystem ConfigurationàServicesà Content Library ServiceàLibrary Maximum Concurrent SyncItems |
| Default Value | 5 |
| Unit | Number |
Given that the default value of Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers is 20 and the default value of Library Maximum Concurrent SyncItems is 5, a maximum of 5 items can concurrently be transferred to a subscribed library during a synchronization operation, while a published library with 5 or more items can be synchronizing with up to 4 subscribed libraries (see Figure 1). If the number of items or subscribed libraries exceeds these limits, the extra transfers will be queued. Library Maximum Concurrent SyncItems can be used in concert with Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers to improve the overall synchronization throughput by increasing one or both limits.
Figure 1. Library Synchronization Concurrency Control
The following Table summarizes the effect of each of the settings described above on each of the Content Library operations, depending on the data transfer mode.
| Maximum Bandwidth Consumption | Maximum Number of Concurrent Transfers | Library Maximum Concurrent Sync Items | ||
| Streaming Mode | VM Deployment/Capture | √ | √ | |
| Import/Export | √ | √ | ||
| Synchronization (Published Library) |
√ | √ | ||
| Synchronization (Subscribed Library) |
√ | √ | ||
| Direct Copy Mode | VM Deployment/Capture | √ | ||
| Import/Export | √ | |||
| Synchronization (Published Library) |
√ | |||
| Synchronization (Subscribed Library) |
√ |
Synchronizing library content across remote sites can be problematic because of the limited bandwidth of typical WAN connections. This problem may be exacerbated when a large number of subscribed libraries concurrently synchronize with a published library because the WAN connections originating from this library can easily cause congestion due to the elevated fan-out (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Synchronization Fan-out Problem
This problem can be mitigated by creating a mirror server to cache content at the remote sites. As shown in Figure 3, this can significantly decrease the level of WAN traffic by avoiding transferring the same files multiple times across the network.
Figure 3. Data Mirroring Used to Mitigate Fan-Out Problem
The mirror server is a proxy Web server that caches content on local storage. The typical location of mirror servers is between the vCenter Server hosting the published library and the vCenter Server(s) hosting the subscribed library(ies). To be effective, the mirror servers must be as close as possible to the subscribed libraries. When a subscribed library attempts to synchronize with the published library, it requests content from the mirror server. If such content is present on the mirror server, the request is immediately satisfied. Otherwise, the mirror server fetches said content from the published library and stores it locally before satisfying the request from the subscribed library. Any further request for that particular content will be directly satisfied by the mirror server.
A mirror server can be also used in a local environment to offload the data movement load from a vCenter Server or when the backing storage of a published library is not particularly performant. In this case the mirror server is located as close as possible to the vCenter Server hosting the published library as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Data Mirroring Used to Off-Load vCenter Server
This section provides step-by-step instructions to assist a vSphere administrator in the creation of a mirror server using the NGINX web server (other web servers, such as Apache and Lighttpd, can be used for this purpose as well). Please refer to the NGINX documentation for additional configuration details.
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf, defines the basic behavior of the web server. Some of the core directives in the nginx.conf file need to be changed.
proxy_pass https://<PublishervCenterServer-name-or-IP>:443;
proxy_cache_valid any 6d;/var/www/cache as the cache directory path on the file system where cached data will be stored. 500MB is the size of the shared memory zone, while 18,000MB is the size of the file storage. Files not accessed within 6 days are evicted from the cache. proxy_cache_path /var/www/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=my-cache:500mmax_size=18000m inactive=6d; proxy_cache_key "$scheme://$host$request_uri"; handling.error_page 302 = @handler; upstreamup_servers { serverPublishervCenterServer-name-or-IP:443; } location @handler{ set $foo $upstream_http_location; proxy_pass $foo; proxy_cache my-cache; proxy_cache_valid any 6d; } wget --no-certification-check –O /dev/null https://<MirrorServer-IP-or-Name>/example.ovf
Figure 5. Configuring a Subscribed Library with a Mirror Server
Note: If the network environment is trusted, a simple HTTP proxy can be used instead of HTTPS proxy in order to improve data transfer performance by avoiding unnecessary data encryption/decryption.
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VMware vCenter Server 6.0 brings many performance improvements over previous vCenter versions, including:
A new white paper, “VMware vCenter Server Performance and Best Practices,” illustrates these performance improvements and discusses important best practices for getting the best performance out of your vCenter Server environment.
This chart, taken from the white paper, shows the improvement in throughput over vCenter Server 5.5 at various inventory sizes:
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VMware vCenter Server 6.0 brings significant improvements over previous vCenter server versions with respect to cluster size and performance. vCenter Server 6.0 supports up to 64 ESXi Hosts and 8000 VMs in a single cluster. A new white paper, ” VMware vCenter Server 6.0 Cluster Performance “, describes the improvements along several dimensions:
Here is a chart from the white paper summarizing one of the key improvements: operational throughput in a cluster:
vCenter Server 6.0 Cluster Performance Improvement
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Project Capstone was put together a few weeks before VMworld 2015 with the goal of being able to show what is possible with Monster VMs today. VMware worked with HP and IBM to put together an impressive setup using vSphere 6.0, HP Superdome X and an IBM FlashSystem array that was able to support running four 120 vCPU VMs simultaneously. Putting these massive Virtual Machines under load we found that performance was excellent with great scalability and a high amount of throughput achieved.
vSphere 6 was launched earlier this year and includes support for virtual machines with up to 128 virtual CPUs which is a big increase from the 64 vCPUs supported in vSphere 5.5. “Monster” virtual machines have a new upper limit and it allows for customers to virtualize even the largest of systems with very hungry CPU needs.
The HP Superdome X used for the testing is an impressive system. It has 16 Intel Xeon E7-2890v2 2.8 GHz processors. Each processor has 15 cores and 30 logical threads when Hyper Threading is enabled. In total this is 240 cores / 480 threads.
An IBM FlashSystem array with 20TB of superfast low latency storage was used for the project Capstone configuration. It provided extremely low latency throughout all testing and provided such great performance that storage was never a concern or issue. The FlashSystem was extremely easy to setup and use. Within 24 hours of it arriving in the lab, we were actively running four 120 vCPU VMs with sub millisecond latency.
Large Oracle 12c database virtual machines running on Redhat Enterprise Linux 6.5 were created and configured with 256GB of RAM, pvSCSI virtual disk adapters, and vmxnet3 virtual NICs. The number of VMs and the number of vCPUs for each VM was varied across the tests.
The workload used for the testing was DVD Store 3 (github.com/dvdstore/ds3). DVD Store simulates a real online store with customers logging onto the site, browsing products and product reviews, rating products, and ultimately purchasing those products. The benchmark is measured in Orders Per Minute, with each order representing a complete login, browsing, and purchasing process that includes many individual SQL operations against the database.
This large system with 240 cores / 480 threads, an extremely fast and large storage system, and vSphere 6 showed that even with many monster VMs excellent performance and scalability is possible. Each configuration was first stressed by increasing the DVD Store workload until maximum throughput was achieved for a single virtual machine. In all cases this was found to be at near CPU saturation. The number of VM was then increased so that the entire system was fully committed. A whitepaper to be published soon will have the full set of test results, but here we show the results for four 120 vCPU VMs and sixteen 30 vCPU VMs.
In both cases the performance of the system when fully loaded with either 4 or 16 virtual machines achieves about 90% of perfect linear scalability when compared to the performance of a single virtual machine.
In order to be able to drive the CPU usage to such high levels all disk IO must be very fast so that the system is not waiting for a response. The IBM FlashSystem provided .3 ms average disk latency across all tests. Total disk IO was minimized for these tests to maximize CPU usage and throughput by configuring the database cache size to be equal to the database size. Total disk IO per second (IOPS) peaked at about 50k and averaged 20k while maintaining the extremely low latency during tests.
These test results show that it is possible to use vSphere 6 to successfully virtualize even the largest systems with excellent performance.
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We are pleased to announce the availability of Performance Best Practices for VMware vSphere 6.0. This is a book designed to help system administrators obtain the best performance from vSphere 6.0 deployments.
The book addresses many of the new features in vSphere 6.0 from a performance perspective. These include:
We’ve also updated and expanded on many of the topics in the book. These include:
The book can be found here http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/techpaper/VMware-PerfBest-Practices-vSphere6-0.pdf.
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Introduced in vSphere 5.5, a Linux-based driver was added to support 40GbE Mellanox adapters on ESXi. Now vSphere 6.0 adds a native driver and Dynamic NetQueue for Mellanox, and these features significantly improve network performance. In addition to the device driver changes, vSphere 6.0 includes improvements to the vmxnet3 virtual NIC (vNIC) that allows a single vNIC to achieve line-rate performance with 40GbE physical NICs. Another performance feature introduced in 6.0 for high bandwidth NICs is NUMA Aware I/O which improves performance by collocating highly network-intensive workloads with the device NUMA node. In this blog, we highlight these features and the corresponding benefits achieved.
Test Configuration
We used two identical Dell PowerEdge R720 servers with Intel E5-2667 @ 2.90GHz and 64GB of memory and Mellanox Technologies MT27500 Family [ConnectX-3] / Intel Corporation 82599EB 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network NICs for our tests.
In the single VM test, we used 1 RHEL 6 VM with 4 vCPUs on each ESXi host with 4 netperf TCP streams running. We then measured the cumulative throughput for the test.
For the multi-VM test, we configured multiple RHEL VMs with 1 vCPU each and used an identical number of VMs on the receiver side. Each VM used 4 sessions of netperf for driving traffic, and we measured the cumulative throughput across the VMs.
Single vNIC Performance Improvements
In order to achieve line-rate performance for vmxnet3, changes were made to the virtual NIC adapter for vSphere 6.0 so that multiple hardware queues could push data to vNICs simultaneously. This allows vmxnet3 to use multiple hardware queues from the physical NIC more effectively. This not only increases the throughput a single vNIC can achieve, but also helps in overall CPU utilization.
As we can see from figure 1 below, 1 VM with 1 vNIC on vSphere 6.0 can achieve more than 35Gbps of throughput as compared to 20Gbps achieved in vSphere 5.5 (indicated by the blue bar chart). The CPU used to receive 1Gbps of traffic, on the other hand, is reduced by 50% (indicated by the red line chart).
Figure 1. 1VM vmxnet3 Receive throughput
By default, a single vNIC can receive packets from a single hardware queue. To achieve higher throughput, the vNIC has to request more queues. This can be done by setting ethernetX.pnicFeatures = “4” in the .vmx file. This option also requires the physical NIC to have RSS mode turn on. For Mellanox adapters, the RSS feature can be turned on by reloading the driver with num_rings_per_rss_queue=4.
CPU Cost Improvements for Mellanox 40GbE NIC
In addition to scalability improvements for the vmxnet3 adapter, vSphere 6.0 features an improved version of the Mellanox 40GbE NIC driver. The updated driver uses vSphere 6.0 APIs and, as a result, performs better than the earlier Linux-based driver. Native APIs remove the extra CPU overheads of data structure conversion that were earlier present in the Linux-based driver. The driver also has new features like Dynamic NetQueue that improves CPU utilization even further. Dynamic netqueue in vSphere 6.0 intelligently chooses the optimal number of active hardware queues in use according to the network workload and per NUMA-node CPU utilization.
Figure 2: Multi VM CPU usage for 40G traffic
As seen in figure 2 above, the new driver can improve CPU efficiency by up to 22%. For all these test cases, the Mellanox NIC was achieving line-rate throughput for both vSphere 6.0 and vSphere 5.5. Please note that for the multi-VM tests, we were using a 1-vCPU VM and vmxnet3 was using a single queue. The RSS feature on the Mellanox Adapter was also turned off.
NUMA Aware I/O
In order to achieve the best performance out of 40GbE NICs, it is advisable to place the throughput-intensive workload on the same NUMA system to which the adapter is attached. vSphere 6.0 features a new configuration option that tries to do this automatically and is available through a system-wide option. The configuration will pack all kernel networking threads on the same NUMA node to which the device is connected. The scheduler will then try to place the VMs that use these networking threads the most on the same NUMA node. By default, the configuration is turned off because it may cause uneven workload distribution between multiple NUMA nodes, especially in the cases where all NICs are connected to the same NUMA node.
Figure 3: NUMA I/O benefit.
As seen in Figure 3 above, NUMA I/O can result in about 20% reduced CPU consumption and about 20% higher throughput with a 1-vCPU VM for 40GbE NICs. There is no throughput improvement for Intel NICs because we achieve line rate irrespective of where the workloads are placed. We do however see an increase in CPU efficiency of about 7%.
To enable this option, set the value of Net. NetNetqNumaIOCpuPinThreshold in the Advanced System Settings tab for the host. The value is configurable and can vary between 0 and 200. For example, if you set the value to 100, this results in using NUMA I/O as long as the networking load is less than 100% (that is, the networking threads do not use more than 1 core). Once the load increases to 100%, vSphere 6.0 will follow default scheduling behavior and will schedule VMs and networking threads across different NUMA nodes.
Conclusion
vSphere 6.0 includes some great new improvements in network performance. In this blog, we show:
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vMotion in VMware vSphere 6.0 delivers breakthrough new capabilities that will offer customers a new level of flexibility and performance in moving virtual machines across their virtual infrastructures. Included with vSphere 6.0 vMotion are features – Long-distance migration, Cross-vCenter migration, Routed vMotion network – that enable seamless migrations across current management and distance boundaries. For the first time ever, VMs can be migrated across vCenter Servers separated by cross-continental distance with minimal performance impact. vMotion is fully integrated with all the latest vSphere 6 software-defined data center technologies including Virtual SAN (VSAN) and Virtual Volumes (VVOL). Additionally, the newly re-architected vMotion in vSphere 6.0 now enables extremely fast migrations at speeds exceeding 60 Gigabits per second.
In this blog, we present the latest vSphere 6.0 vMotion features as well as the performance results. We first evaluate vMotion performance across two geographically dispersed data centers connected by a 100ms round-trip time (RTT) latency network. Following that we demonstrate vMotion performance when migrating an extremely memory hungry “Monster” VM.
vSphere 6.0 introduces a Long-distance vMotion feature that increases the round-trip latency limit for vMotion networks from 10 milliseconds to 150 milliseconds. Long distance mobility offers a variety of compelling new use cases including whole data center upgrades, disaster avoidance, government mandated disaster preparedness testing, and large scale distributed resource management to name a few. Below, we examine vMotion performance under varying network latencies up to 100ms.
We set up a vSphere 6.0 test environment with the following specifications:
Hardware
Software
Figure 1 illustrates the logical deployment of the test-bed used for long distance vMotion testing. Long distance vMotion is supported with both no shared storage infrastructure and with shared storage solutions such as EMC VPLEX Geo which enables shared data access across long distances. Our test-bed didn’t use shared storage which resulted in migration of the entire state of VM including its memory, storage and CPU/device states. As shown in Figure 2, our test configuration deployed a Maxwell-10GbE network appliance to inject latency in vMotion network.
The following metrics were used to understand the performance implications of vMotion:
We investigated the impact of long distance vMotion on Microsoft SQL Server online transaction processing (OLTP) performance using the open-source DVD Store workload. The test scenario used a Windows Server 2012 VM configured with 4 VCPUs, 8GB memory, and a SQL Server database size of 12GB. Figure 3 shows the migration time and VM switch-over time when migrating an active SQL Server VM at different network round-trip latencies. In all the test scenarios, we used a load of 3 DS2 users with no think time that generated substantial load on the VM. The migration was initiated during the steady-state period of the benchmark when the CPU utilization (esxtop %USED counter) of the VM was close to 120%, and the average read IOPS and average write IOPS were about 200 and 150, respectively.
Figure 3 shows that the impact of round-trip latency was minimal on both duration of the migration and switch-over time, thanks to the latency aware optimizations in vSphere 6.0 vMotion. The difference in the migration time among the test scenarios was in the noise range (<5%). The switch-over time increased marginally from about 0.5 seconds in 5ms test scenario to 0.78 seconds in 100ms test scenario.
Figure 4 plots the performance of a SQL Server virtual machine in orders processed per second at a given time—before, during, and after vMotion on a 100 ms round-trip latency network. In our tests, DVD store benchmark driver was configured to report the performance data at a fine granularity of 1 second (default: 10 seconds). As shown in the figure, the impact on SQL Server throughput was minimal during vMotion. The only noticeable dip in performance was during the switch-over phase (0.78 seconds) from the source to destination host. It took less than 5 seconds for the SQL server to resume to normal level of performance.
Why are we interested in extreme performance? Today’s datacenters feature modern servers with many processing cores (up to 80), terabytes of memory and high network bandwidth (10 and 40 GbE NICs). VMware supports larger “monster” virtual machines that can scale up to 128 virtual CPUs and 4TB of RAM. Utilizing higher network bandwidth to complete migrations of these monster VMs faster can enable you to implement high levels of mobility in private cloud deployments. The reduction in time to move a virtual machine can also reduce the overhead on the total network and CPU usage.
We configured each vSphere host with four Intel 10GbE ports and a single Mellanox 40 GbE port with total of 80Gb/s network connectivity between the two vSphere hosts. Each vSphere host was configured with five vSwitches, with four vSwitches having one unique 10GbE uplink port and fifth vSwitch with a 40GbE uplink port. The MTU of the NICs was set to the default of 1500 bytes. We created one VMkernel adapter on each of four vSwitches with 10GbE uplink port and four VMkernel adapters on the vSwitch with 40GbE uplink port. All the 8 VMkernel adapters were configured on the same subnet. We also enabled each VMkernel adapter for vMotion, which allowed vMotion traffic to use the 80Gb/s network connectivity.
To demonstrate the extreme vMotion throughput performance, we simulated a very heavy memory usage footprint in the virtual machine. The memory-intensive program allocated 300GB memory inside the guest and touched a random byte in each memory page in an infinite loop. We migrated this virtual machine between the two vSphere hosts under different test scenarios: vMotion over 10Gb/s network, vMotion over 20Gb/s network, vMotion over 40Gb/s network and vMotion over 80Gb/s network. We used esxtop to monitor network throughput and CPU utilization on the source and destination hosts.
Figure 5 compares the peak network bandwidth observed in vSphere 5.5 and vSphere 6.0 under different network deployment scenarios. Let us first consider the vSphere 5.5 vMotion throughput performance. Figure 5 shows vSphere 5.5 vMotion reaches line rate in both 10Gb/s network and 20Gb/s network test scenarios. When we increased the available vMotion network bandwidth to beyond 20 Gb/s, the vMotion peak usage was limited to 18Gb/s in vSphere 5.5. This is because in vSphere 5.5 vMotion, each vMotion is assigned by default two helper threads which do the bulk of vMotion processing. Since the vMotion helper threads are CPU saturated, there is no performance gain when adding additional network bandwidth. When we increased the number of vMotion helper threads from 2 to 4 in the 40Gb/s test scenario, and thereby removed the CPU bottleneck, we saw the peak network bandwidth usage of vMotion in vSphere 5.5 increase to 32Gb/s. Tuning the helper threads beyond four hurt vMotion performance in 80Gb/s test scenario, as vSphere 5.5 vMotion has some locking issues which limit the performance gains when adding more helper threads. These locks are VM specific locks that protect VM’s memory.
The newly re-architected vMotion in vSphere 6.0 not only removes these lock contention issues but also obviates the need to apply any tunings. During the initial setup phase, vMotion dynamically creates the appropriate number of TCP/IP stream channels between the source and destination hosts based on the configured network ports and their bandwidth. It then instantiates a vMotion helper thread per stream channel thereby removing the necessity for any manual tuning. Figure 5 shows vMotion reaches line rate in 10Gb/s, 20Gb/s and 40Gb/s scenarios, while utilizing little over 64 Gb/s network throughput in 80Gb/s scenario. This is over a factor of 3.5x improvement in performance when compared to vSphere 5.5.
Figure 6 shows the network throughput and CPU utilization data in vSphere 6.0 80Gb/s test scenario. During vMotion, memory of the VM is copied from the source host to the destination host in an iterative fashion. In the first iteration, the vMotion bandwidth usage is throttled by the memory allocation on the destination host. The peak vMotion network bandwidth usage is about 28Gb/s during this phase. Subsequent iterations copy only the memory pages that were modified during the previous iteration. The number of pages transferred in these iterations is determined by how actively the guest accesses and modifies the memory pages. The more modified pages there are, the longer it takes to transfer all pages to the destination server, but on the flip side, it enables vMotion’s advanced performance optimizations to kick-in to fully leverage the additional network and compute resources. That is evident in the third pre-copy iteration when the peak measured bandwidth was about 64Gb/s and the peak CPU utilization (esxtop ‘PCPU Util%’ counter) on destination host was about 40%.
The main results of this performance study are the following:
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A recently published paper presents best practices and performance data for Horizon 6’s support for hardware accelerated 3D. Awhile back, we published a paper about the same subject with VMware Horizon View 5.2. The new paper updates all the graph data for Horizon 6 and shows the improvements in performance. The View Planner 3.5 benchmark is used to simulate four workloads:
Read the results for VMware Horizon 6 and Hardware Accelerated 3D Graphics.
