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Oracle Database Performance with VMware Cloud on AWS

You’ve probably already heard about VMware Cloud on Amazon Web Services (VMC on AWS). It’s the same vSphere platform that has been running business critical applications for years, but now it’s available on Amazon’s cloud infrastructure. Following up on the many tests that we have done with Oracle databases on vSphere, I was able to get some time on a VMC on AWS setup to see how Oracle databases perform in this new environment.

It is important to note that VMC on AWS is vSphere running on bare metal servers in Amazon’s infrastructure. The expectation is that performance will be very similar to “regular” onsite vSphere, with the added advantage that the hardware provisioning, software installation, and configuration is already done and the environment is ready to go when you login. The vCenter interface is the same, except that it references the Amazon instance type for the server.

Our VMC on AWS instance is made up of four ESXi hosts. Each host has two 18-core Intel Xeon E5-2686 v4 (aka Broadwell) processors and 512 GB of RAM. In total, the cluster has 144 cores and 2 TB of RAM, which gives us lots of physical resources to utilize in the cloud.

In our test, the database VMs were running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 with Oracle 12c. To drive a load against the database VMs, a single 18 vCPU driver VM was running Windows Server 2012 R2, and the DVD Store 3 test workload was also setup on the cluster. A 100 GB test DS3 database was created on each of the Oracle database VMs. During testing, the number of threads driving load against the databases were increased until maximum throughput was achieved, which was around 95% CPU utilization. The total throughput across all database servers for each test is shown below.

In this test, the DB VMs were configured with 16 vCPUs and 128 GB of RAM. In the 8 VMs test case, a total of 128 vCPUs were allocated across the 144 cores of the cluster. Additionally the cluster was also running the 18 vCPU driver VM, vCenter, vSAN, and NSX. This makes the 12 VM test case interesting, where there were 192 vCPUs for the DB VMs, plus 18 vCPUs for the driver. The hyperthreads clearly help out, allowing for performance to continue to scale, even though there are more vCPUs allocated than physical cores.

The performance itself represents scaling very similar to what we have seen with Oracle and other database workloads with vSphere in recent releases. The cluster was able to achieve over 370 thousand orders per minute with good scaling from 1 VM to 12 VMs. We also recently published similar tests with SQL Server on the same VMC on AWS cluster, but with a different workload and more, smaller VMs.

Performance of SQL Server 2017 for Linux VMs on vSphere 6.5

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Microsoft SQL Server has long been one of the most popular applications for running on vSphere virtual machines. Last year there was quite a bit of excitement when Microsoft announced they were bringing SQL Server to Linux. Over the last year Microsoft has had quite a bit of interest in SQL Server for Linux and it was announced at Microsoft Ignite last month that it is now officially launched and generally available.

VMware and Microsoft have collaborated to validate and support the functionality and performance scalability of SQL Server 2017 on vSphere-based Linux VMs. The results of that work show SQL Server 2017 for Linux installs easily and has great performance within VMware vSphere virtual machines. VMware vSphere is a great environment to be able to try out the new Linux version of SQL Server and be able to also get great performance.

Using CDB, a cloud database benchmark developed by the Microsoft SQL Server team, we were able to verify that the performance of SQL Server for Linux in a vSphere virtual machine was similar to other non-virtualized and virtualized operating systems or platforms.

Our initial reference test size was relatively small, so we wanted to try out testing larger sizes to see how well SQL Server 2017 for Linux performed as the VM size was scaled up. For the test, we used a four socket Intel Xeon E7-8890 v4 (Broadwell)-based server with 96 cores (24 cores per socket). The initial test began with a 24 virtual CPU VM to match the number of physical cores of a single socket. Additional tests were run by increasing the size of the VM by 24 vCPUs for each test until, in the final test, the VM had 96 total vCPUs. We configured the virtual machine with 512 GB of RAM and separate log and data disks on an SSD-based Fibre Channel SAN. We used the same best practices for SQL Server for Linux as what we normally use for the windows version as documented in our published best practices guide for SQL Server on vSphere.

The results showed that SQL Server 2017 for Linux scaled very well as the additional vCPUs were added to the virtual machine. SQL Server 2017 for Linux is capable of scaling up to handle very large databases on VMware vSphere 6.5 Linux virtual machines.

Skylake Update – Oracle Database Performance on vSphere 6.5 Monster Virtual Machines

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We were able to get one of the new four-socket Intel Skylake based servers and run some more tests. Specifically we used the Xeon Platinum 8180 processors with 28 cores each. The new data has been added to the Oracle Monster Virtual Machine Performance on VMware vSphere 6.5 whitepaper. Please check out the paper for the full details and context of these updates.

The generational testing in the paper now includes a fifth generation with a 112 vCPU virtual machine running on the Skylake based server. Performance gain from the initial 40 vCPU VM on Westmere-EX to the Skylake based 112 vCPU VM is almost 4x.

The performance gained from Hyper-Threading was also updated and shows a 27% performance gain from the use of Hyper-Threads. The test was conducted by running two 112 vCPU VMs at the same time so that all 224 logical threads are active. The total throughput from the two VMs is then compared with the throughput from a single VM.

My colleague David Morse has also updated his SQL Server monster virtual machine whitepaper with Skylake data as well.

Oracle Database Performance on vSphere 6.5 Monster Virtual Machines

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We have just published a new whitepaper on the performance of Oracle databases on vSphere 6.5 monster virtual machines. We took a look at the performance of the largest virtual machines possible on the previous four generations of four-socket Intel-based servers. The results show how performance of these large virtual machines continues to scale with the increases and improvements in server hardware.

Oracle Database Monster VM Performance across 4 generations of Intel based servers on vSphere 6.5

Oracle Database Monster VM Performance on vSphere 6.5 across 4 generations of Intel-based four-socket servers

In addition to vSphere 6.5 and the four-socket Intel-based servers used in the testing, an IBM FlashSystem A9000 high performance all flash array was used. This array provided extreme low latency performance that enabled the database virtual machines to perform at the achieved high levels of performance.

Please read the full paper, Oracle Monster Virtual Machine Performance on VMware vSphere 6.5, for details on hardware, software, test setup, results, and more cool graphs. The paper also covers performance gain from Hyper-Threading, performance effect of NUMA, and best practices for Oracle monster virtual machines. These best practices are focused on monster virtual machines, and it is recommended to also check out the full Oracle Databases on VMware Best Practices Guide.

Some similar tests with Microsoft SQL Server monster virtual machines were also recently completed on vSphere 6.5 by my colleague David Morse. Please see his blog post and whitepaper for the full details.

This work on Oracle is in some ways a follow up to Project Capstone from 2015 and the resulting whitepaper Peeking at the Future with Giant Monster Virtual Machines . That project dealt with monster VM performance from a slightly different angle and might be interesting to those who are also interested in this paper and its results.

Peeking At The Future with Giant Monster Virtual Machines

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Remember that cool project with VMware, HP Enterprise, and IBM where four super huge monster virtual machines (VMs) of 120 vCPUs each were all running at the same time on a single server with great performance?

That was Project Capstone, and it was presented at VMworld San Francisco and VMworld Barcelona last fall as a spotlight session. The follow-up whitepaper is now completed and published, which means that there are lots of great technical details available with testing results and analysis.

In addition to the four 120 vCPU VMs test, additional configurations were also run with eight 60 vCPU VMs and sixteen 30 vCPU VMs. This shows that plenty of large VMs can be run on a single host with excellent performance when using a solution that supports tons of CPU capacity and cutting edge flash storage.

The whitepaper not only contains all of the test results from the original presentation, but also includes additional details around the performance of CPU Affinity vs PreferHT and under-provisioning. There is also a best practices section that if focused on running monster VMs.

VMware vCloud Air Database Performance Scalability with SQL Server

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Previous posts have shown vSphere can easily handle running Microsoft SQL Server on four-socket servers with large numbers of cores—with vSphere 5.5 on Westmere-EX and more recently with vSphere 6 on Ivy Bridge-EX. We recently ran similar tests on vCloud Air to measure how these enterprise databases with mission critical performance requirements perform in a cloud environment. The tests show that SQL Server databases scale very well on vCloud Air with a variety of virtual machine (VM) counts and virtual CPU (vCPU) sizes.

The benchmark tests were run with vCloud Air using their Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) subscription-based service. This is a very compelling hybrid cloud service that allows for an on-premises vSphere infrastructure to be expanded into the public cloud in a secure and scalable way. The underlying host hardware consisted of two 8-core CPUs for a total of 16 physical cores, which meant that the maximum number of vCPUs was 16 (although additional processors were available via Hyper-Threading, they were not utilized).

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VMware vSphere 6 and Oracle 12c Scalability Study: Scaling Monster Virtual Machines

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vSphere 6 introduces the ability to run virtual machines (VMs) with up to 128 virtual CPUs (vCPUs) and 4TB of RAM. This doubles the number of vCPUs supported from the previous version and increases the amount of RAM by four times. This new capability provides the potential for customers to run larger workloads than ever before in a virtual machine.

A series of tests were run with a virtual machine hosting Oracle 12c database instances. The DVD Store 2.1 open-source transactional workload was used to measure the performance of a large “Monster” VM on vSphere 6. The Oracle 12c database VM was scaled from 15 vCPUs all the way up to 120 vCPUs, and the maximum achieved throughput was measured. The full results and test details have been published in a white paper – VMware vSphere 6 and Oracle 12c Scalability Study: Scaling Monster Virtual Machines.

A four-socket Intel Xeon E7-4890 v2 processor based server with 1TB of memory was used to host the virtual machine for the tests. Each Xeon E7-4890 v2 processor has 15 cores / 30 threads with Hyper Threading enabled for a total of 60 cores / 120 threads for the system. The diagram below shows the basic test configuration.

In all tests Hyper-Threading was enabled on the server, but in configurations where 60 vCPUs or less are assigned to the VM, Hyper-Threads are not used by the VM. This is a result of the default scheduling policy where the preference is for vCPUs to be scheduled on one thread per core before using the second thread of any core. This first set of results, shown below, is focused on the tests that scale up to 60 vCPUs. These tests show the scaling for the virtual machine without the use of Hyper-Threads

While vSphere 6 supports up to 128 vCPUs per VM, these tests were limited to 120 vCPUs due to the number of threads available on the server. The largest VM configuration used both hardware execution threads (Hyper-Threads) on all the processor cores in order to reach 120 vCPUs. In this case, there is one vCPU per execution thread.

Hyper-Threading doubles the number of execution threads, but it does not double performance. In order to measure the scale-up performance of the 120-vCPU VM, a 60-vCPU VM was configured with CPU affinity so that it was limited to only two of the server’s four sockets. In this configuration the 60-vCPU VM has one vCPU per execution thread, which is the same as the 120-vCPU VM. Configuring a 60-vCPU VM in this way makes it easy to see the scale up performance at 120 vCPUs on this server with hyper-threads enabled.

The results of the scale-up testing using the 60-vCPU VM configured with CPU affinity to only 2 sockets and the 120-vCPU VM using all four sockets showed approximately linear scaling, as shown in the graph below.

For full test details and more test results please see the white paper that has was recently published.

The new larger “Monster” VM support in vSphere 6 allows for virtual machines that can support larger workloads than ever before with excellent performance. These tests show that large virtual machines running on vSphere 6 can scale up as needed to meet extreme performance demands.

Virtual SAN and SAP IQ – a Perfect Match

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A performance study shows that VMware vSphere 5.5 with Virtual SAN as the storage backend provides an excellent platform for virtualized deployments of SAP IQ Multiplex Servers.

We created four virtual machines with the RHEL 6.3 operating system, and these virtual machines made up the SAP IQ Multiplex Server, which used Virtual SAN as its storage backend. In order to measure performance, we looked at the distributed query processing (DQP) modes of SAP IQ. In DQP, work is performed by threads running on both leader and worker nodes, and intermediate results are transmitted between these nodes through a shared disk space, or over an inter-node network. In the paper, we refer to these modes as storage-transfer and network-transfer.

In a test consisting of concurrent streams of queries designed to emulate a multi-user scenario, we found that the read-heavy I/O profile of this workload takes full advantage of the Virtual SAN’s flash acceleration layer. Data read from magnetic disks in each disk group, is cached in the SSD in the disk group. Since 70% of SSD capacity is reserved for the read cache, a significant amount of data is quickly placed in very low latency storage. Once it is warmed up, I/O requests are served from the read cache, leading to fast query response times. Add to this SAP IQ’s ability to use network resources to handle intermediate results transfer and we get an additional bump in throughput since we no longer have the overhead of writing intermediate, shared results to disk.

vCenter Server 5.1 Database Performance with Large Inventories

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Better performance, lower latency, and streamlined statistics are just some of the new features you can expect to find in the vCenter Server in version 5.1. The VMware performance team has published a paper about vCenter Server 5.1 database performance in large environments. The paper shows that statistics collection creates the biggest performance impact on the vCenter Server database. In vSphere 5.1, several aspects of statistics collection have been changed to improve the overall performance of the database. There were three sources of I/O to the statistics tables in vCenter Server—inserting statistics, rolling up statistics between different intervals, and deleting statistics when they expire. These activities have been improved by changing the way the relevant data is persisted to the tables, by partitioning the tables instead of using staging tables. In addition, by removing the staging tables, statistics collection is more robust, resolving the issues described in KB 2011523 and KB 1003878. Scalability is also improved by allowing larger inventories to be supported because they don’t take so long to read/write data from the old staging tables. The paper also includes best practices to take advantage of these changes in environments where vCenter Server has a large inventory. For more details, see vCenter Server 5.1 Database Performance in Large-Scale Environments.

Here are the URLs for the paper, “VMware vCenter Server 5.1 Database Performance Improvements and Best Practices for Large-Scale Environments”:

http://www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/10302

http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/techpaper/VMware-vCenter-DBPerfBestPractices.pdf

Oracle RAC Performance on vSphere 4.1

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Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) is used to run critical databases with stringent performance requirements. A series of tests recently were run in the VMware performance lab to determine how an Oracle RAC database performs when running on vSphere. The test results showed that the application performed within 11 to 13 percent of physical when running in a virtualized environment.

Configuration

Two servers were used for both physical and virtual tests. Two Dell PowerEdge R710s with 2x Intel Xeon x5680 six-core processors and 96GB of RAM were connected via Fibre Channel to a NetApp FAS6030 array. The servers were dual booted between Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 and vSphere ESXi 4.1. Each server was connected via three gigabit Ethernet NICs to a shared switch. One NIC was used for the public network and the other two were used for interconnect and cluster traffic.

The NetApp storage array had a total of 112 10K RPM 274GB Fibre Channel disks. Two 200GB LUNs, backed by a total of 80 disks, were used to create a data volume in Oracle ASM. Each data LUN was backed by a 40 disk RAID DP aggregate on the storage array. A 100GB log LUN was created on another volume that was backed by a 26 disk RAID DP aggregate. An additional small 2GB LUN was created to be used as the voting disk for the RAC cluster.

Each VM was configured with 32GB of RAM, three VMXNET3 virtual NICs, and a PVSCSI adapter for all the LUNs used except the OS disk. In order for the VMs to be able to share disks with physical hosts, it was necessary to mount the disks as RDMs and put the virtual SCSI adapter into physical compatibility mode. Additionally, to achieve the best performance for the Oracle RAC interconnect, the VMXNET3 NICs were configured with ethernetX.intrmode =1 in the vmx file. This option is a work around for an ESX performance bug that is specific to RHEL 5.5 VMs and to extremely latency sensitive workloads. The additional configuration option is no longer needed starting with ESX 4.1u1 because the bug is fixed starting with that version.

A four node Oracle RAC cluster was created with two virtual nodes and two physical nodes. The virtual nodes were hosted on a third server when the two servers used for testing were booted to the native RHEL environment. RHEL 5.5 x64 and Oracle 11gR2 were installed on all nodes. During tests the two servers used for testing were booted either to native RHEL or ESX for the physical or virtual tests respectively. This meant that only the two virtual nodes or the two native nodes were powered on during a physical or virtual test. The diagrams below show the same test environment when setup for the two node physical or virtual test.

Physical Test Diagram:

Virtual Test Diagram:

Testing

The servers used in testing have a total of 12 physical cores and 24 logical threads if hyperthreading is enabled. The maximum number of vCPUs per VM supported by ESXi 4.1 is eight. This made it necessary to limit the physical server to a smaller number of cores to enable a performance comparison. Using the BIOS settings of the server, hyperthreading was disabled and the number of cores limited to two and four per socket. This resulted in four and eight core physical server configurations that were compared with VM configurations of four and eight vCPUs. Limiting the physical server configurations was only done to enable a direct performance comparison and is clearly not a good way to configure a system for performance normally.

Open source DVD Store 2.1 was used as the workload for the test. DVD Store is an OLTP database workload that simulates customers logging on, browsing, and purchasing DVDs from an online store. It includes database build scripts, load files, and driver programs. For these tests, the database driver was used to directly load the database without a need to have the Web tier installed. Using the new DVD Store 2.1 functionality, two custom-size databases of 50GB each with a 12GB SGA were created as two different instances named DS2 and DS2B. Both instances were running on both nodes of the cluster and were accessed equally on each node.

Results

Running an equal amount of load against each instance on each node was done with both the four CPU and eight CPU test cases. DS2 and DS2B instances spanned all nodes and were actively used on all nodes. An equal amount of threads were connected for each instance on each node. The amount of work was scaled up with the number of processors: twice as many DVD Store driver threads were used in the eight CPU case as compared with the four CPU case. For example, a total of 40 threads were running against node one in the four CPU test with 20 accessing DS2 and 20 accessing DS2B. Another 40 threads were accessing DS2 and DS2B on node two at the same time during that test. CPU utilization of the physical hosts and VMs were above 95% in all tests. Results are reported in terms of Orders Per Minute (OPM) and Average Response Time (RT) in milliseconds.

In both the OPM and RT measurements, the virtual RAC performance was within 11 to 13 percent of the physical RAC performance. In an intensive test running on Oracle RAC, the CPU, disk, and network were heavily utilized, but virtual performance was close to native performance. This result removes a barrier from considering virtualizing one of the more performance-intensive tier-one applications in the datacenter.

from VMware's performance team