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Weathervane 2.0: An Application-Level Performance Benchmark for Kubernetes

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Weathervane 2.0 lets you evaluate and compare the performance characteristics of on-premises and cloud-based Kubernetes clusters.

Kubernetes simplifies the deployment and management of applications on a wide range of infrastructure solutions. One cost of this simplification is a new set of decisions that you must make when acquiring or configuring Kubernetes clusters, including selecting the underlying infrastructure, configuring network and storage layers, sizing compute nodes, etc. Each choice can impact the performance of applications deployed on the cluster. Weathervane 2.0 helps you understand this impact, by:

  • Comparing the performance of Kubernetes clusters
  • Evaluating the impact of configuration decisions on cluster performance
  • Validating a new cluster before putting it into production

When using Weathervane, you only need to build a set of container images, edit a configuration file, and start the benchmark. Weathervane manages the deployment, execution, and tear-down of all benchmark components on your Kubernetes cluster.

Weathervane 2.0 is available at https://github.com/vmware/weathervane.

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Performance of Enterprise Web Applications in Docker Containers on VMware vSphere 6.5

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Docker containers are growing in popularity as a deployment platform for enterprise applications. However, the performance impact of running these applications in Docker containers on virtualized infrastructures is not well understood. A new white paper is available that uses the open source Weathervane performance benchmark to investigate the performance of an enterprise web application running in Docker containers in VMware vSphere 6.5 virtual machines (VMs).  The results show that an enterprise web application can run in Docker on a VMware vSphere environment with not only no degradation of performance, but even better performance than a Docker installation on bare-metal.

Weathervane is used to evaluate the performance of virtualized and cloud infrastructures by deploying an enterprise web application on the infrastructure and then driving a load on the application.  The tests discussed in the paper use three different deployment configurations for the Weathervane application.

  • VMs without Docker containers: The application runs directly in the guest operating systems in vSphere 6.5 VMs, with no Docker containers.
  • VMs with Docker containers: The application runs in Docker containers, which run in guest operating systems in vSphere 6.5 VMs.
  • Bare-metal with Docker containers: The application runs in Docker containers, but the containers run in an operating system that is installed on a bare-metal server.

The figure below shows the peak results achieved when running the Weathervane benchmark in the three configurations.  The results using Docker containers include the impact of tuning options that are discussed in detail in the paper.

Some important things to note in these results:

  • The performance of the application using Docker containers in vSphere 6.5 VMs is almost identical to that of the same application running in VMs without Docker.
  • The application running in Docker containers in VMs outperforms the same application running in Docker containers on bare metal by about 5%. Most of this advantage can be attributed to the sophisticated algorithms employed by the vSphere 6.5 scheduler.

The results discussed in the paper, along with the results of previous investigations of Docker performance on vSphere, show that vSphere 6.5 is an ideal platform for deploying applications in Docker containers.

Measuring Cloud Scalability Using the Weathervane Benchmark

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Cloud-based deployments continue to be a hot topic in many of today’s corporations.  Often the discussion revolves around workload portability, ease of migration, and service pricing differences.  In an effort to bring performance into the discussion we decided to leverage VMware’s new benchmark, Weathervane.  As a follow-on to Harold Rosenberg’s introductory Weathervane post we decided to showcase some of the flexibility and scalability of our new large-scale benchmark.  Previously, Harold presented some initial scalability data running on three local vSphere 6 hosts.  For this article, we decided to extend this further by demonstrating Weathervane’s ability to run within a non-VMware cloud environment and scaling up the number of app servers.

Weathervane is a new web-application benchmark architected to simulate modern-day web applications.  It consists of a benchmark application and a workload driver.  Combined, they simulate the behavior of everyday users attending a real-time auction.  For more details on Weathervane I encourage you to review the introductory post.

Environment Configuration:
Cloud Environment: Amazon AWS, US West.
Instance Types: M3.XLarge, M3.Large, C3.Large.
Instance Notes: Database instances utilized an additional 300GB io1 tier data disk.
Instance Operating System: Centos 6.5 x64.
Application: Weathervane Internal Build 084.

Testing Methodology:
All instances were run within the same cloud environment to reduce network-induced latencies.  We started with a base configuration consisting of eight instances.  We then  scaled out the number of workload drivers and application servers in an effort to identify how a cloud environment scaled as application workload needs increased.  We used Weathervane’s FindMax functionality which runs a series of tests to determine the maximum number of users the configuration can sustain while still meeting QoS requirements.  It should be noted that the early experimentation allowed us to identify the maximum needs for the other services beyond the workload drivers and application servers to reduce the likelihood of bottlenecks in these services.  Below is a block diagram of the configurations used for the scaled-out Weathervane deployment.

Fig1

Results:
For our analysis of Weathervane cloud scaling we ran multiple iterations for each scale load level and selected the average.  We automated the process to ensure consistency.  Our results show both the number of users sustained as well as the http requests per second as reported by the benchmark harness.

Fig2

As you can see in the above graph, for our cloud environment running Weathervane, scaling the number of applications servers yielded nearly linear scaling up to five application servers. The delta in scaling between the number of users and the http requests per second sustained was less than 1%.  Due to time constraints we were unable to test beyond five application servers but we expect that the scaling would have continued upwards well beyond the load levels presented.

Although just a small sample of what Weathervane and cloud environments can scale to, this brief article highlights both the benchmark and cloud environment scaling.  Though Weathervane hasn’t been released publicly yet, it’s easy to see how this type of controlled, scalable benchmark will assist in performance evaluations of a diverse set of environments.  Look for more Weathervane based cloud performance analysis in the future.